![]() ![]() 17 pDCs originate in the bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, and sites of inflammation. Human peripheral blood contains two main populations of DCs: plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and conventional DCs (cDCs). ![]() In this regard, proteins within APCs can endogenously access the MHC-II pathway and their epitopes presented to CD4 +T-cells. ![]() Although antigenic peptides presented by MHC-II molecules are thought to be mainly generated from extracellular sources intracellular antigens can also be presented by MHC-II molecules through non-classical pathways. 14 Mature DCs activate CD4 +T-cells and CD8 +T-cells by presenting antigens in association with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II also known as human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype, HLA-DR) and MHC-I molecules, respectively. 1, 2, 7–12 Identification of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms is critical to guide the development of effective therapies.ĭendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play a central role in priming and activating naïve T-cells. 3–13 Progression to severe/critical disease is linked to insufficient control of viral replication, persistent viral load, defective antiviral defense pathways, and excessive inflammation driven by an unbalanced immune response. However, some patients progress to a second phase where the disease becomes severe the clinical sequelae include immune dysfunction, lymphopenia, sustained inflammation, secondary bacterial infection, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coagulation activation, thrombosis, myocardial injury, and hepatic and kidney injury. 1, 2 In the vast majority of patients, the disease is characterized by flu-like symptoms, which resolves after elimination of the infection (first/only phase). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can range in severity from asymptomatic to fatal disease. ![]()
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